Haemodialysis access-induced distal ischaemia (HAIDI) is caused by loco-regional hypotension but not by steal.
Scheltinga M R,Bruijninckx C M A
European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery
OBJECTIVES:Some haemodialysis patients with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) suffer from chronic hand ischaemia (haemodialysis access-induced distal ischaemia, HAIDI). This overview discusses pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic HAIDI with emphasis on the role of steal and loco-regional hypotension. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The literature obtained from Medline and Google using various terms including steal and hand ischaemia was studied for clues on pathophysiology of hand ischaemia in the presence of an AVF. RESULTS:Constructing an arteriovenous anastomosis as in a haemodialysis access leads to augmented blood flows in arm arteries. Due to increased shear stress, these arteries will remodel while hand perfusion pressures are maintained. However, arteries of some dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus and/or severe arteriosclerosis demonstrate insufficient remodelling leading to a gradual loss of perfusion pressures towards the periphery. A blood pressure drop associated with turbulent flow at the arteriovenous anastomosis intensifies the distal hypotension. By contrast, steal (reversal of blood flow) may reflect an upstream arterial stenosis and patent collaterals but its presence has no pathophysiological significance related to hand ischaemia. CONCLUSION:HAIDI is caused by too low forearm and hand blood pressures. Therapy should focus on attenuating the loss of arterial pressure including optimalisation of inflow arteries and/or ligation of the AVF's venous side branches. Surgery aimed at access flow reduction or distal revascularisation is only indicated if these measures fail.
10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.10.018
Retrospective Analysis of 77 Hemodialysis Patients Shows No Cases of Steal Syndrome from Graft Taper Reduction.
Parikh Rupal S,Bhatt Ruchika,Clark Timothy W I,Trerotola Scott O
Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR
PURPOSE:To review the immediate flow response and incidence of steal syndrome after taper reduction of tapered dialysis grafts. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This was a retrospective review of a quality assurance database of all hemodialysis access interventions performed between 2005 and 2017. It identified 77 patients who underwent a taper reduction procedure, involving angioplasty of the arterial limb of the graft and the arterial anastomosis for graft thrombosis/poor flow. A subset of patients underwent 5-, 6-, or 7-mm balloon taper reduction angioplasty coupled with intravascular direct flow measurement (n = 15 with 16 dialysis grafts). A two-tailed Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to compare pre- and post-taper reduction flows. Mean duration of follow-up was 3.5 years (range, 0-12.5 years). RESULTS:Mean access survival after taper reduction was 20.2 months (range, 0.10-94.4 months). Pre- and post-taper reduction access flows (mean Qb ± standard deviation) were 574 ± 315 ml/min and 929 ± 352 ml/min, respectively (P < .0001). The mean ratio of post- to pre-taper reduction flows was 1.6 (range, 1.1-10.2). No patients developed steal syndrome within 6 months after taper reduction. CONCLUSIONS:Dialysis graft arterial anastomotic taper reduction did not result in the development of steal syndrome within 6 months. In the subset of patients who underwent flow measurements, taper reduction was associated with nearly a 2-fold improvement in access flow, which is a key predictor of access function.
10.1016/j.jvir.2020.04.006
Dialysis arteriovenous fistula causing subclavian steal syndrome in the absence of subclavian artery stenosis.
Case reports in vascular medicine
We present a rare cause of subclavian steal syndrome secondary to a dialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF). A 69-year-old female with end-stage renal disease presented with ataxia and recurrent fainting spells. Angiography revealed normal subclavian arteries bilaterally, a right VA origin occlusion, and an apparent left VA origin occlusion. However, carotid artery angiography demonstrated flow through the posterior communicating artery with retrograde filling of the basilar artery and left VA to its subclavian origin. Repeat left subclavian arteriography during external compression of the AVF demonstrated normal antegrade left VA flow. The AVF was subsequently ligated resulting in complete symptom resolution.
10.1155/2015/720684
Coil embolization as a treatment alternative for dialysis-associated steal syndrome.
Shukla Pratik A,Contractor Sohail,Huang Joe T,Curi Michael A
Vascular and endovascular surgery
Steal syndrome is a rare but serious complication of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) created as well as the angioplasty technique used for its maturation and can have severe consequences if left untreated. Standard treatment options generally lead to loss of fistula access, although newer practices such as coil embolization are being utilized to conserve the AVF. Here we illustrate a case of a 65-year-old man with end-stage renal disease on dialysis, who had a Brescia-Cimino (radiocephalic) AV fistula created and subsequently underwent balloon-assisted maturation for an underdeveloped fistula. One month later, the patient presented with a cold thumb and index finger along with parasthesias in those digits and was treated with coil embolization of the distal radial artery while leaving the AVF functional. Steal syndrome and the novel treatment option of coil embolization are reviewed here.
10.1177/1538574412456435
Hemodialysis-related steal syndrome: predictive factors and response to treatment with the distal revascularization-interval ligation procedure.
Yu Son Ha,Cook Patrick R,Canty Timothy G,McGinn Robert F,Taft Peter M,Hye Robert J
Annals of vascular surgery
Hand ischemia due to steal causes major disability in affected members of the hemodialysis population. Between February 2000 and March 2007, 24 patients aged 37-77 years were identified who developed hand ischemia distal to a hemodialysis access and required a distal revascularization-interval ligation (DRIL) procedure. Of the 24 patients, 22 (92%) were diabetic, 14 (58%) were women, 7 (29%) had prosthetic grafts, and 17 (71%) had fistulas, all originating from the brachial artery. Duration between the initial dialysis access and the DRIL procedures ranged 12 hours to 10 months. Conduits used were saphenous vein in 13 (54%) cases, cephalic vein in 3 (12%) cases, basilic vein in 5 (21%) cases, and prosthetic grafts in 3 (12%) cases. There were no operative deaths. Improved blood flow and relief of symptoms were observed in 23 (96%) patients. The procedure failed early in one patient who had thrombosis of a prosthetic graft. Two patients required digital amputations. At a median follow-up of 50 months, 14 (58%) patients died using the access requiring the DRIL, 2 (8%) did not require dialysis, 3 (12%) were using a new access, and 5 (21%) were still using the access that had required the DRIL. In late follow-up, only one DRIL bypass required revision and the remainder were patent. One patient developed an ischemic hand 5 years after his DRIL procedure despite a patent bypass. The development of ischemic steal requiring performance of a DRIL procedure is most likely to occur in diabetic patients with dialysis access originating from the brachial artery. The procedure is effective in ameliorating symptoms while preserving the vascular access. The high long-term mortality rate observed in this series underscores the fact that patients requiring a DRIL procedure represent a subset of dialysis patients with advanced diabetic vascular disease and a limited life expectancy. Despite the effectiveness of the DRIL procedure, efforts should be concentrated on prevention of ischemic steal in order to lessen the morbidity and expense of this condition in the dialysis population.
10.1016/j.avsg.2007.12.005
Primary arteriovenous fistula inflow proximalization for patients at high risk for dialysis access-associated ischemic steal syndrome.
Jennings William C,Brown Robert E,Ruiz Carmen
Journal of vascular surgery
Establishing a functional vascular access while minimizing the risk of dialysis access-associated ischemic steal syndrome (DASS) may present a challenging problem in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease where even a low-flow arteriovenous fistula (AVF) may lead to severe symptoms and physical findings of DASS. Proximalization of arterial inflow for an existing vascular access is established as an effective treatment for DASS. We hypothesized that a primary proximal arterial inflow procedure for vascular access in patients judged to be at high risk for DASS would result in a successful hemodialysis access and mitigate the risk of steal syndrome. We report four such patients considered to be at significant risk for DASS after construction of a new vascular access. An axillary artery AVF inflow anastomosis was constructed in each patient. The access outflow configuration varied with the available venous outflow conduit identified during the preoperative ultrasound evaluation. In all four patients in this report, a functional autogenous dialysis access was established without DASS.
10.1016/j.jvs.2011.01.031
An interesting case: retrograde blood flow from a LIMA sustaining hemodialysis via an AVF.
Schoenkerman Aaron B,Gimelli Giorgio,Yevzlin Alexander S
Seminars in dialysis
A case is described in which the inflow of a left radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula was being maintained by retrograde flow from a patent left internal mammary artery bypass graft, distal to a severe left subclavian artery stenosis. The clinical manifestations of this phenomenon were angina, lateral chest wall pain during dialysis, and distal hypoperfusion of the left hand. After stenting of the subclavian lesion, all symptoms resolved.
10.1111/j.1525-139X.2009.00627.x
Hand ischemia associated with dialysis vascular access: an individualized access flow-based approach to therapy.
Beathard Gerald A,Spergel Lawrence M
Seminars in dialysis
With the rise in the median age of hemodialysis patients, the increasing numbers of patients with multiple risk factors for vascular disease, and the efforts being made to increase the creation of autogenous arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), dialysis access-related steal syndrome (DASS) has become a growing problem. This syndrome, caused by arterial insufficiency distal to the arteriovenous access due to diversion of blood into the access, is a potentially devastating complication. It is crucial that physicians who manage hemodialysis patients and perform vascular access procedures have a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic maneuvers, and treatment options for DASS. The goals of management must be twofold-relieve the ischemia and preserve the access. The choice of any intervention, if such is necessary, should be based upon the clinical features presented by that individual patient; the clinical condition and prognosis of the patient, stage of the disease, location of the arterial anastomosis, and the level of blood flow within the access. This review presents information that supports an individualized, physiologic approach to this condition.
10.1111/sdi.12088
Distal ischemia induced by vascular access for hemodialysis - a case report.
Stolic Rv,Mijailovic Mz,Cvetkovic Am,Stanojevic Ms,Stolic Dz,Cvetkovic Dm
Hippokratia
Arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis may cause significant local and general changes in the bloodstream. Vascular access-induced ischemia is a rare but very serious complication which, if not treated in time, can lead to tissue necrosis. We describe a 66 year-old man with symptoms of distal limb ischemia caused by an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis.
Upper extremity arterial endovascular interventions for symptomatic vascular access-induced steal syndrome.
Cheun Tracy J,Jayakumar Lalithapriya,Sideman Matthew J,Pounds Lori L,Davies Mark G
Journal of vascular surgery
BACKGROUND:Critical hand ischemia owing to vascular access-induced steal syndrome (VASS) continues to be a significant problem. The aim of this study was to examine the outcomes of arterial endovascular interventions in the upper extremity of patients presenting with VASS. METHODS:A database of patients presenting with documented VASS between 2006 and 2016 was retrospectively queried. Patients who underwent isolated endovascular intervention in the upper extremity were analyzed. RESULTS:Ninety-eight patients (66% female; average age 65 years) presented with VASS: 28 presented with upper arm atherosclerotic disease above the arteriovenous (AV) anastomosis (above elbow) and the remaining 70 patients with below AV anastomotic atherosclerotic disease at the elbow (below elbow). Sixty-three percent of the entire patient cohort (N = 65) presented with rest pain and the remainder (n = 33 [34%]) with minor digital ulceration. Of those with upper arm disease above the AV anastomosis, one-third of patients had subclavian occlusive disease and two-thirds had brachial artery occlusive disease. Patients with subclavian disease underwent stent placement, and patients with brachial artery disease underwent balloon angioplasty. Technical success was 100% (n = 28). Ninety-one percent of these patients (n = 25) had symptomatic success at 30 days and the remainder (n = 3) required proximalization of the access. Of those with below AV anastomosis at the elbow disease, all had disease in the forearm vessels with 42% (n = 29) having either the ulnar or radial artery occlusion. Balloon angioplasty was performed in one vessel in 55% (n = 38) and in two vessels in 45% (n = 32) of patients. Technical success was 79% (n = 81 of 102 vessels) with 51% of the patients (n = 36) having symptomatic success at 30 days; of those who remained symptomatic, 80% (n = 27) required proximalization of the access and 20% (n = 7) required ligation. The major adverse cardiovascular event rate for the entire patient cohort was 4% (n = 4). The 30-day complications for the entire patient cohort included continued steal (38%; all resolved with secondary procedures), thrombosis (3%; all forearm vessels treated for occlusion), bleeding (0%), infection (0%), and mortality (1%). Primary clinical success defined as the relief of distal ischemic symptoms and the preservation of a functional access site for dialysis showed rates of 42 ± 9% (mean ± standard error of the mean) and 0 ± 0% at 5 years (above and below elbow groups, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Upper extremity interventions for VASS owing to above elbow disease are associated with a high rate of success, whereas interventions for below elbow disease have a poor clinical success with more patients requiring secondary procedures and low long-term survival for the access site. Male patients presenting with rest pain, larger forearm vessels (approximately 3 mm), short occlusive lesions (<100 mm), two-vessel runoff, and an intact palmer arch are good candidates for below elbow interventions.
10.1016/j.jvs.2019.01.072
Vascular Steal Syndrome and Shewanella alga Infection Requiring Amputation in a Hemodialysis Patient.
Jammula Praveen,Gupta Rajiv,Agraharkar Mahendra
Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia
Shewanella alga is a rare gram-negative marine bacterium. Its role as a pathogenic organism is gradually evolving with sporadic cases being reported in humans. We report a case of vascular steal syndrome secondary to a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft in the upper extremity of an end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient on maintenance hemodialysis, which was complicated by infection with S. alga. This resulted in extensive myonecrosis requiring amputation of the limb. To our knowledge this is the fourth case of primary S. alga infection, and the first case in a hemodialysis patient reported in the medical literature from the United States. We also discuss the biochemical tests for identification and differentiation of S. alga from a closely related strain S. putrefaciens.
Bilateral versus single internal thoracic artery grafting in dialysis patients with multivessel disease.
Kinoshita Takeshi,Asai Tohru,Murakami Yoshitaka,Nishimura Osamu,Hiramatsu Norihiko,Suzuki Tomoaki,Kambara Atsushi,Matsubayashi Keiji
The heart surgery forum
BACKGROUND:The purpose of our study was to compare mortality in dialysis patients undergoing bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) or single internal thoracic artery (SITA) grafting and to quantify the magnitude of the BITA grafting benefit for survival. METHODS:Between January 2002 and December 2008, 656 consecutive patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (99.1% by an off-pump technique). Fifty-six of these patients with chronic dialysis and multivessel disease were retrospectively compared with respect to surgical technique: BITA (n = 32) or SITA (n = 23) grafting. End points were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (mean follow-up duration, 2.5 years). In an attempt to minimize the selection bias, we created propensity scores based on 13 preoperative factors that would affect the surgeon's decision about operative strategy; these factors were used for regression adjustment (C statistic, 0.914). RESULTS:There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, prevalence of diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial disease, and logistic EuroSCORE. All patients under-went revascularization with the off-pump technique, with no conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass. All arterial conduits were harvested with a skeletonization technique in all cases. Except for 1 patient who received a SITA, internal thoracic arteries were used as in situ grafts in both groups. Complete revascularization was achieved in all patients. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates free from all-cause mortality for BITA grafting versus SITA grafting were 94% versus 73%, 72% versus 42%, and 52% versus 28%, respectively (P = .01, logrank test). For survival free from cardiovascular mortality, the respective rates were 100% versus 90%, 80% versus 77%, and 80% versus 58% (P = .06). After propensity score adjustment, BITA grafting was significantly associated with lower risks for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.81; P = .02) and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.93; P = .04). CONCLUSION:In situ skeletonized BITA grafting provides better long-term survival in dialysis patients with multivessel disease.
10.1532/HSF98.20091182
Dialysis shunt-associated steal syndrome with autogenous hemodialysis accesses: proposal for a new classification based on clinical results.
Thermann Florian,Wollert Ulrich,Dralle Henning,Brauckhoff Michael
World journal of surgery
BACKGROUND:Dialysis-associated steal syndrome (DASS) is a multifactorial complication. There are several therapeutic options, although because of the lack of research decisions for certain procedures are often made individually. The aim of this retrospective survey was to propose a new classification for DASS, including therapeutic recommendations, to make standardized procedures easier. METHODS:A total of 63 patients (2001-2006) treated for DASS following autogenuous hemodialysis access (HA) were included in this survey. In 55 (87%) of these patients, surgery was performed. The courses of disease of the patients were evaluated according to clinical symptoms, HA-specific features, and therapeutic results. Statistical evaluation was performed by SSPS software. RESULTS:Eight patients with mild symptoms were treated successfully using conservative therapy. In 17 patients with pain during exercise or acute neurologic deficiencies, HA banding led to good results. In the case of acral lesions, however, banding was unsuccessful, although interruption of the retrograde flow was sufficient therapy in 94% of cases. Preservation of the HA was unsuccessful in all patients with extended tissue loss (n = 10). Statistical evaluation showed that tissue loss was generally associated with diabetes (p < 0.001) and peripheral arterial occlusive disease (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION:In addition to steal phenomenon (stage I), which can be treated conservatively, there are three stages of DASS following autogenuous HA that require surgical intervention (stage II, no acral lesions; stage III, small acral lesions; stage IV, extended acral lesions). HA banding leads to good results in stage II; in patients with stage III, interruption of the retrograde flow is indicated. However, in patients with extensive tissue loss (stage IV), closure of the HA should be considered.
10.1007/s00268-008-9677-7
Distalization of the anastomosis: an effective treatment for dialysis access-associated steal syndrome.
Corfield Lorraine,Muller Juanita,Ryan Jo,Bond Rick
Annals of vascular surgery
Steal syndrome after arteriovenous fistula formation for dialysis access can cause ischemic pain and tissue loss. This is an indication for surgical revision, usually either banding (or ligation) or the distal revascularisation and interval ligation procedure. However, banding is inexact, and distal revascularisation and interval ligation can further compromise the arterial supply to the arm. We report three cases in which an alternative approach of moving the arteriovenous anastomosis distally was used, thereby protecting arterial inflow to the hand. In all three cases, the steal resolved and the fistula remained patent.
10.1016/j.avsg.2011.11.024
Arteriovenous access ischemic steal (AVAIS) in haemodialysis: a consensus from the Charing Cross Vascular Access Masterclass 2016.
Inston Nicholas,Schanzer Harry,Widmer Matthias,Deane Colin,Wilkins Jason,Davidson Ingemar,Gibbs Paul,Zanow Jeurgen,Bourquelot Pierre,Valenti Domenico
The journal of vascular access
Arteriovenous access ischaemic steal (AVAIS) is a serious and not infrequent complication of vascular access. Pathophysiology is key to diagnosis, investigation and management. Ischaemia distal to an AV access is due to multiple factors. Clinical steal is not simply blood diversion but pressure changes within the adapted vasculature with distal hypoperfusion and resultant poor perfusion pressures in the distal extremity. Reversal of flow within the artery distal to the AV access may be seen but this is not associated with ischaemia in most cases.Terminology is varied and it is suggested that arteriovenous access ischemic steal (AVAIS) is the preferred term. In all cases AVAIS should be carefully classified on clinical symptoms as these determine management options and allow standardisation for studies.Diabetes and peripheral arterial occlusive disease are risk factors but a 'high risk patient' profile is not clear and definitive vascular access should not be automatically avoided in these patient groups.Multiple treatment modalities have been described and their use should be directed by appropriate assessment, investigation and treatment of the underlying pathophysiology. Comparison of treatment options is difficult as published studies are heavily biased. Whilst no single technique is suitable for all cases of AVAIS there are some that suit particular scenarios and mild AVAIS may benefit from observation whilst more severe steal mandates surgical intervention.
10.5301/jva.5000621
Understanding the dialysis access steal syndrome. A review of the etiologies, diagnosis, prevention and treatment strategies.
Malik J,Tuka V,Kasalova Z,Chytilova E,Slavikova M,Clagett P,Davidson I,Dolmatch B,Nichols D,Gallieni M
The journal of vascular access
Distal hypoperfusion ischemic syndrome (DHIS), commonly referred to as hand ischemia or 'steal' after dialysis access placement, occurs in 5-10% of cases when the brachial artery is used, or 10 times that of wrist arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) using the radial artery. It is typically seen in elderly women with diabetes, and may carry severe morbidity including tissue or limb loss if not recognized and treated. Three distinct etiologies include (1) blood flow restriction to the hand from arterial occlusive disease either proximal or distal to the AV access anastomosis, (2) excess blood flow through the AV fistula conduit (true steal), and (3) lack of vascular (arterial) adaptation or collateral flow reserve (ie atherosclerosis) to the increased flow demand from the AV conduit. These three causes of steal may occur alone or in concert. The diagnosis of steal is based on an accurate history and physical examination and confirmed with tests including an arteriogram, duplex Doppler ultrasound (DDU) evaluation with finger pressures and waveform analysis. Treatment of steal includes observation of developing symptoms in mild cases. Balloon angioplasty is the appropriate intervention for an arterial stenosis. At least three distinct surgical corrective procedures exist to counteract the pathophysiology of steal. The ultimate treatment strategy depends on severity of symptoms, the extent of patient co-morbidity, and the local dialysis access technical team support and skills available.
Hand Ischemia due to Steal Syndrome Associated with Multiple Arteriovenous Malformations in a Patient with Parkes-Weber Syndrome.
Sánchez-Morales Germán E,Anaya-Ayala Javier E,Serrano-Cueva María A,Salas-Torrez Eladio,Hinojosa Carlos A
The journal of hand surgery Asian-Pacific volume
Parkes Weber Syndrome (PWS) is a congenital disorder characterized by the presence of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in upper or lower extremities. We herein present a 35 year-old male with PWS with complex AVMs in the right upper extremity; he had been previously treated with multiple sessions of vessel embolization, sclerotherapy and AVM resections. The patient presented to our clinic with two month history of progressive hand ischemia, digit necrosis and infection. Angiography was performed demonstrating numerous AVMs and filiform flow through the ulnar artery with poor opacification of arterial structures in the hand. Because of advanced ischemia, soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis, a distal forearm amputation was indicated. Hand threatening ischemia secondary to steal phenomenon associated to AVMs in PWS is rarely encountered and reported. This case illustrates a complex clinical presentation with advanced disease that required limb amputation.
10.1142/S2424835519720019
Combined Endovascular Treatment with Distal Radial Artery Coil Embolization and Angioplasty in Steal Syndrome Associated with Forearm Dialysis Fistula.
Tercan Fahri,Koçyiğit Ali,Güney Bünyamin
Cardiovascular and interventional radiology
PURPOSE:The present study was performed to define the results of the endovascular treatment with angioplasty and distal radial artery embolization in ischemic steal syndrome associated with forearm arteriovenous accesses. METHOD:The cases referred to our interventional radiology unit with symptoms and physical examination findings suggestive of ischemic steal syndrome were retrospectively evaluated first by Doppler ultrasonography, and then by angiography. Cases with proximal artery stenosis were applied angioplasty, and those with steal syndrome underwent coil embolization to distal radial artery. RESULTS:Of 589 patients who underwent endovascular intervention for dialysis arteriovenous fistulae (AVF)-associated problems, 6 (1.01 %) (5 female, 1 males; mean age 62 (range 41-78) with forearm fistula underwent combined endovascular treatment for steal syndrome. In addition to steal phenomenon, there were stenosis and/or occlusion in proximal radial and/or ulnar artery in 6 patients concurrently. Embolization of distal radial artery and angioplasty to proximal arterial stenoses were performed in all patients. Ischemic symptoms were eliminated in all patients and the AVF were in use at the time of study. In one patient, ischemic symptoms recurring 6 months later were alleviated by repeat angioplasty of ulnar artery. CONCLUSION:In palmar arch steal syndrome affecting forearm fistulae, combined distal radial embolization and angioplasty is also an effective treatment method in the presence of proximal radial and ulnar arterial stenoses and occlusions.
10.1007/s00270-016-1368-4
Proximalization of the arterial inflow: new treatment of choice in patients with advanced dialysis shunt-associated steal syndrome?
Thermann Florian,Wollert Ulrich
Annals of vascular surgery
Dialysis-associated steal syndrome (DASS) is a potentially devastating complication. As a new surgical technique, proximalization of the arterial inflow (PAI) has been described recently to be of good effect in case of DASS. As there has not yet been much general familiarity with this technique, our aim with this prospective study was to establish its indication for a special group of patients who developed advanced DASS (finger necrosis) following autogenous hemodialysis access (HA). Twenty-three patients (18 brachial, five wrist HA) with advanced DASS underwent PAI. Graft material included either heparinized (13 patients) or nonheparinized (10 patients) polytetrafluoroethylene prosthetic material. Vascular function was evaluated pre- and postoperatively with duplex ultrasound. Procedural success was determined by restitution of limb circulation and preservation of the HA. In 15 cases (65%) symptoms of DASS disappeared completely, and in six patients (26%) adequate wound healing with improvement of symptoms was achieved. Symptoms were persistent in two patients (9%) who had tissue loss >1 cm at the fingertips. Overall there was a significant increase in radial artery flow velocity (from 35.65 +/- 7.69 to 55.21 +/- 8.51 cm/sec, p < 0.005) after PAI. A decrease of fistula flow (from 1.38 +/- 0.48 to 0.94 +/- 0.14 L/min, p = 0.003) was measured in patients with elbow HA but not in patients with wrist HA. Secondary patency after 18 months was 85%. PAI effected an improvement in distal radial artery circulation with an additional banding component in elbow HA. We found that PAI led to good clinical success, especially in patients developing small finger necrosis as a form of advanced DASS. However, in case of severe tissue loss (>1 cm in diameter), PAI was not successful (n = 2). In such situations, other treatment options have to be discussed.
10.1016/j.avsg.2008.09.008
A Report of Two Cases of Hazards Associated with High Flow Arteriovenous Fistula in ESRD Patients.
Shah Vipuj,Navuluri Rakesh,Becker Yolanda,Hammes Mary
Case reports in nephrology
High flow arteriovenous fistulas are a common clinical entity affecting patients with end-stage renal failure receiving hemodialysis. Given the difficulty in predicting who will develop a high flow arteriovenous fistula the exact prevalence is unclear. We present two cases of patients with high flow arteriovenous fistula that developed clinical cardiac failure at a time point after the fistula was placed with findings of significant cephalic arch stenosis. Both patients required treatment of cephalic arch stenosis with balloon angioplasty with subsequent surgical aneurism resection. Accurate and timely diagnosis of high flow arteriovenous hemodynamics by prospective monitoring of volumetric flow and cardiac function is required to halt this process prior to cardiac compromise.
10.1155/2018/1686135
The MILLER banding procedure is an effective method for treating dialysis-associated steal syndrome.
Miller Gregg A,Goel Naveen,Friedman Alexander,Khariton Aleksandr,Jotwani Manish C,Savransky Yevgeny,Khariton Konstantin,Arnold William P,Preddie Dean C
Kidney international
We evaluated the efficacy of the Minimally Invasive Limited Ligation Endoluminal-Assisted Revision (MILLER) banding procedure in treating dialysis-associated steal syndrome or high-flow access problems. A retrospective analysis was conducted, evaluating banding of 183 patients of which 114 presented with hand ischemia (Steal) and 69 with clinical manifestations of pathologic high access flow such as congestive heart failure. Patients were assessed for technical success and symptomatic improvement, primary and secondary access patency, and primary band patency. Overall, 183 patients underwent a combined 229 bandings with technical success achieved in 225. Complete symptomatic relief (clinical success) was attained in 109 Steal patients and in all high-flow patients. The average follow-up time was 11 months with a 6-month primary band patency of 75 and 85% for Steal and high-flow patients, respectively. At 24 months the secondary access patency was 90% and the thrombotic event rates for upper-arm fistulas, forearm fistulas, and grafts were 0.21, 0.10, and 0.92 per access-year, respectively. Hence, the minimally invasive MILLER procedure appears to be an effective and durable option for treating dialysis access-related steal syndrome and high-flow-associated symptoms.
10.1038/ki.2009.461
Predictors of steal syndrome in hemodialysis patients.
Rocha Ana,Silva Fernanda,Queirós José,Malheiro Jorge,Cabrita António
Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis
Steal syndrome is a feared complication of dialysis vascular access in a population becoming older and frailer. The aim of this study was to determine the predictor factors of steal syndrome. All proximal arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), patent at day 30, inserted between January 2008 and December 2009 were studied. Data on age, gender, diabetes mellitus (DM) status, presence of coronary or peripheral artery disease, date of initiation of renal replacement therapy, date of access construction, localization, type of anastomosis, previous interventions, and outcome for AVF and patients were analyzed. There were 324 AVFs placed into 309 individual patients. The mean age was 66.7 ± 15.3 years, and the majority (53.7%) of the patients was male. Mean follow-up of all 324 fistulas was 18.6 ± 8.5 months. During follow-up, steal syndrome occurred in 26 (8%) of the AVFs. Univariate analysis revealed correlations between steal syndrome and DM (P = 0.002), brachiomedian fistulas (P = 0.016), and side-to-side (STS) anastomosis (P = 0.003). However, in multivariate analysis, the presence of DM, STS anastomosis, and female gender were found to be the independent risk factors. The strongest predictive factor was DM (odds ratio: 6.7; 95% confidence interval: 2.5-17.9). Being diabetic is the factor most predictive of having steal syndrome. In diabetic women, with a proximal access, it seems preferable to construct fistulas with end-to-side anastomosis to minimize the risk.
10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00684.x
Predictors of Steal in Hemodialysis Access.
Korn Abraham,Alipour Hamid,Zane Joshua,Gray Kelsey,Ryan Timothy,Kaji Amy,De Virgilio Christian,Bowens Nina
The American surgeon
Pathological steal is an uncommon but devastating complication after the creation of arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. In this study, we sought to assess predictors of clinically significant steal syndrome and to further evaluate the outcome of differing surgical treatment approaches. A retrospective analysis was performed of 282 consecutive patients undergoing hemodialysis access at a single center from November 2014 to April 2016. Adequate follow-up to assess for the development of steal was obtained in 237 patients. One hundred and fifty-seven (66%) patients were male, 152 (64%) Hispanic, and 164 (69%) had diabetes. Forty-three (18%) had prior access procedures. Autologous fistula was created in 218 patients (92%). Pathologic steal occurred in 15 patients (6.7%). On univariate analysis, significant predictors of steal included female sex [P = 0.03, odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, CI [1.1-9]), no systemic heparin at operation (P = 0.02, OR = 5.0, CI [1.4-10]), use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (P = 0.003, OR = 5.6, CI [1.7-18.6]), and increased vein size (3.1 vs 4.1 mm P = 0.01). Twelve patients had steal managed with an intervention, but only one patient received distal revascularization. Furthermore, we identify key predictors of clinically significant steal syndrome while demonstrating that distal revascularization and/or fistula ligation are rarely indicated treatment modalities.
Prediction of Development of Critical Limb Ischemia in Hemodialysis Patients.
Yoshikawa Hisao,Iijima Raisuke,Hashimoto Go,Hara Hidehiko,Omae Kiyotsugu,Yoshikawa Yumiko,Suzuki Makoto,Nakamura Masato,Sugi Kaoru,Yoshikawa Masao
Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy
Hemodialysis (HD) patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) suffer chronic inflammation and repeated infection, require intervention, and may have a protracted hospital stay. Therefore, early prediction is particularly important for management of CLI in patients with suspected peripheral artery disease. The purpose of this study is to develop a simple score for predicting the incidence of CLI in HD patients with suspected peripheral artery disease. The subjects were 139 asymptomatic patients receiving maintenance HD and with ABI <1.0. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with development of CLI. These factors were subsequently weighted and integrated into a scoring system for the prediction of onset of CLI. Twenty-five patients had onset of CLI. Five factors selected from the multivariate model were weighted proportionally using their respective odds ratio (OR) for incidence of CLI (history of cerebral vascular disease, OR 6.42 [3 points]; diabetes, OR 3.92 [2 points]; hypoesthesia, OR 4.21 [2 points]; left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, OR 3.89 [2 points]; serum albumin <3.5 g/dL, OR 4.39 [2 points]). Three strata of risk were defined (low risk, 0 to 3 points; intermediate risk, 4 to 6 points; and high risk 7 to 11 points) with excellent prognostic accuracy for progression to CLI using the Kaplan-Meier method. Five factors were identified that increased the risk of progression to CLI in HD patients with suspected peripheral artery disease. A combination of those factors permitted establishment of three risk strata for accurate prediction of onset of CLI.
10.1111/1744-9987.12287
Bilateral dialysis-associated steal syndrome.
Kravetz Jeffrey D,Heald Peter
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Dialysis-associated steal syndrome (DASS) is an uncommon complication of arteriovenous fistula formation, but can have dire consequences. This entity is likely to be seen more commonly in the future as the number of patients with end stage renal disease increases. We present the unique case of a patient with end stage renal disease who developed bilateral DASS after presenting with a painful skin lesion.
10.1016/j.jaad.2008.01.009
Upper Extremity Steal Syndrome Is Associated with Atherosclerotic Burden and Access Configuration.
Kudlaty Elizabeth A,Kendrick Daniel E,Allemang Matthew T,Kashyap Vikram S,Wong Virginia L
Annals of vascular surgery
BACKGROUND:Clinically significant steal syndrome occurs in a subset of dialysis patients with arteriovenous (AV) access. Factors associated with steal are poorly understood. Severe symptoms require access revision or sacrifice, potentially jeopardizing access options. Our objective was to review our dialysis access experience to identify factors associated with significant steal syndrome. METHODS:We reviewed all adult patients undergoing their first permanent upper extremity access, AV fistula (AVF) or AV graft (AVG), between January 2008 and July 2011 at a single center. Medical, demographic, and access characteristics were collected from our electronic medical record and a local dialysis center's database. Patients who required correction of steal syndrome were compared with the larger access cohort. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test and χ(2) for noncontinuous variables and unpaired t-test for continuous variables. RESULTS:Of the 303 patients, 15 required correction for steal syndrome (8 of 232 AVF and 7 of 71 AVG). Eight were ligated; 2 were initially banded, then ligated; and 5 underwent distal revascularization with interval ligation. Coronary artery disease was more prevalent in steal syndrome patients (66.7% vs. 25%, P = 0.001); the same was found with peripheral arterial disease (40% vs. 13.8%, P = 0.02). Furthermore, more patients with steal syndrome were on clopidogrel for cardiovascular reasons (40% vs. 9%, P = 0.002). Steal syndrome only developed with AVF and AVG using brachial artery inflow. No cases of steal syndrome arose from radial/ulnar inflow (P = 0.03). All AVG with steal syndrome had a straight configuration; no looped AVG developed steal (P = 0.02). Other patient characteristics such as age, sex, race, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, cause of end-stage renal disease, and other medication history were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS:Clinically significant steal syndrome is associated with disease in coronary and peripheral arterial beds. In addition, the use of brachial artery inflow and straight AVG configuration is associated with steal syndrome. Consideration should be given to construction of access using smaller forearm arteries and looped AVG configuration in patients with high risk for steal. In addition, such patients may require more vigilant monitoring for development of steal after access construction.
10.1016/j.avsg.2016.01.058