Incidence of upper urinary tract stones. Ljunghall S Mineral and electrolyte metabolism During the last few decades there has been a steady rise of the incidence of upper urinary tract stones in the industrialized countries. Dietary factors, mainly an increased consumption of animal protein, probably explain part of this dramatic change. Little is, however, known how other components of the altered life styles might affect the propensity for stone formation. The prevalence of renal stones, as obtained in postmortem or radiographic studies, is 1-3% without apparent sex differences. In several unselected population surveys the life time risk for males approaches 20% while for females it is 5-10%. The recurrence rate is high and around 50% will experience another stone within 5 years from the onset. The annual incidence is around 1% in males with a peak in the fifth decade. Thus upper urinary tract stones are much more common than is generally appreciated, but most studies of their pathophysiology are only concerned with the small fraction of patients that is investigated in specialized research clinics.

Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of lower urinary tract stones in Japan. Yasui Takahiro,Iguchi Masanori,Suzuki Sadao,Okada Atsushi,Itoh Yasunori,Tozawa Keiichi,Kohri Kenjiro Urology OBJECTIVES:To analyze the changes in the annual incidence and epidemiologic details of lower urinary tract stones in Japan, a nationwide survey of urolithiasis was performed. METHODS:Data were obtained from all patients who had been diagnosed by urologists in 2005 as having lower urinary tract stones, including both first and recurrent stones. The data were separately enumerated according to hospital size, irrespective of admission and treatment. The study included all hospitals approved by the Japanese Board of Urology and thus covered nearly all urologists practicing in Japan. The estimated annual incidence according to sex, age, and stone composition was compared with other nationwide surveys taken from 1965 to 1995. RESULTS:The incidence of lower urinary tract stones in Japan has steadily increased from 4.7/100,000 in 1965 to 9.1/100,000 in 2005. However, the age-standardized annual incidence of lower urinary tract stones in Japan decreased slightly from 5.5/100,000 in 1965 to 5.4/100,000 in 2005. The incidence of stones containing calcium has significantly increased from 50.7% to 72.0% among men and the incidence of infection-related stones has decreased significantly from 26.2% to 10.1%. The ratios of uric acid calculi in men and of infection-related stones in women increased with age. CONCLUSIONS:The increased incidence of lower urinary tract stones is in slight contrast to the sudden increase in the incidence of upper urinary tract stones, which might be associated with the aging of the Japanese population. 10.1016/j.urology.2008.06.038

[Progress in Surgical Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Stones in Children]. Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae The incidence of urinary calculi in children has been increasing annually,and most of the cases are upper urinary tract stones.At present,surgery is the main way to treat upper urinary tract stones in children.With the gradual development of minimally invasive techniques in surgery,percutaneous nephrolithotomy,retrograde intrarenal surgery,and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy have become the main methods for treating upper urinary tract stones in children.We reviewed the current progress in surgical treatment of upper urinary tract stones in children and provided prospects for future treatment options. 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.16016

Urinary tract stones. Schade George R,Faerber Gary J Primary care Urinary tract stone disease is one of the most common urologic conditions in the US, with a lifetime prevalence of about 13% for men and 7% for women. In this article we review the management of urinary tract stones and discuss when to seek urologic consultation. We cover epidemiologic data, stone types, presenting symptoms, imaging, metabolic evaluation and risk factors, and medical management strategies. We also discuss the indications for surgical intervention and the common operative procedures currently available. 10.1016/j.pop.2010.05.003